A water canal (other name is Cetvel-i Sim) and a picnic area (Kathane) were established as recreational areas. The army was largely composed of mostly Turkic Mamluks. First, the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutasim (833-842) greatly increased the presence of Turkic mercenaries and Mamluk slaves in the Caliphate, and they eventually displaced Arabs and Persians from the military, and therefore from the political hegemony, starting an era of Turco-Persian symbiosis. Most classical period designs used the Byzantine architecture of the neighboring Balkans as its base, and from there, ethnic elements were added, creating a different architectural style. It is divided into three partsthe mythical, heroic, and historical ages. Berlinale: 54th Berlin International Film Festival. turkey - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Aside from common Turkish specialities which can be found throughout the country, there are also region-specific specialities. Antkabir designed by Emin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (194453), Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings (194452) designed by Sedad Hakk Eldem and Emin Onat, The Presidential Complex in Ankara. [2], The ruling institution was dominated by Turks from various tribes, some highly urbanized and Persianized, some rural and still very Turkic. [2] Wearing Western-style hats was an important aspect of the modernization process. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Horn in Istanbul. . With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 13001453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. The Book of Dede Korkut and the Epic of Krolu have been the main elements of the Turkish epic tradition in Anatolia for several centuries. Austin: University of Texas, 159, Titley, Norah M. 1983. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. [14] Turkey's top teams include Fenerbahe, Galatasaray and Beikta. But Khayyam is best known for his work as a poet. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the ulama and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the madrasas. 429-444. During the 1930s, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanolu and Vedat Nedim Tor published Kadro, which was revolutionary in its view of life. Major examples are the Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque, Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli ukureme Inn, Birgi akraa Mansion, Aynalkavak Palace, and the Selimiye Barracks. In the Kara-Khanid Khanate formed an ethnically and dogmatically diverse society. The main institutional means of establishing a consensus of the ulama on these dogmatic issues were the madrasas, formal Islamic schools that granted licensure to teach. The Islamic resurgence has been less a renewal of faith and dedication than a public resurfacing of perspectives and ideals previously relegated to less public, informal relations under the impact of European secular influences. The rise of Turks in Samanid times brought a loss of Samanid southern territories to one of their Mamluks, who were governing on their behalf. Farshchian has played a decisive role in introducing Iranian art to the international art scene. Austin: University of Texas, 105. The Boustan is entirely in verse and consists of stories illustrating the standard virtues such as justice, liberality, modesty and contentment. persian warriors in line - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . the ascetic ( zhid) the dervish ( dervi)[citation needed], In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, there were a number of poetic trends. making 6 straight Euroleague Final Four appearances combined, along with winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively. His best known works are the Bustan (The Orchard) and the Golestan (The Rose Garden). (Aug., 1999), pp. During the reign of Ahmed III (17031730) and under the impetus of his grand vizier brahim Paa, a period of peace ensued. They patronized literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Muslim world architecture to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. These diverse peoples found refuge in the cities. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. [4] Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth,[5] paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture. Under their rule developed new styles of architecture, Persian literature was encouraged, and flourished miniature painting and book production, and under Timurids prospered Turkic poetry, based on the vernacular known as Chaghatai (today called Uzbek; of Turkic Qarluq origin). [citation needed]. This period witnessed three types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques. [15], The Turco-Persian Islamic culture that emerged under the Persianate Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Kara-Khanids was carried by succeeding dynasties into Western and Southern Asia, in particular, by the Seljuks (1040-1118), and their successor states, who presided over Persia, Syria, and Anatolia until the thirteenth century, and by the Ghaznavids, who in the same period dominated Greater Khorasan and most of present-day Pakistan. Omar Khayyam was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet. Young Pens was published in Selanik under mer Seyfettin, Ziya Gkalp and Ali Canip Yntem. Rumi (Molana, Molavi) also known as Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi was a 13th century Persian poet and was one of the most passionate and profound poets in history. [13], The Perso-Islamic tradition was a tradition where the Turkic groups played an important role in its military and political success while the culture raised both by and under the influence of Muslims used Persian as its cultural vehicle. The religious authorities of these non-Muslim communities became their spokesmen, just as the ulama were for the Muslim community, they also began overseeing internal communal affairs. Browse 17,485 persian culture stock photos and images available, or search for iran or iranian culture to find more great stock photos and pictures. [5] The combination of these elements in the Islamic society had a strong impact on the religion, because Islam was disengaged from its Arabic background and Bedouin traditions and became a far richer, more adaptable, and universal culture. He is regarded as one of the greatest spiritual masters and poetical intellects. These two dynasties together drew the center of the Islamic world eastward. Although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, locality, tribal, and ethnic affiliation) and spoke many different languages (mostly Indo-Iranian languages like Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pushtu, Baluchi, or Kurdish, or Turkic languages like Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, Uzbek, or Kyrgyz), people shared a number of common institutions, arts, knowledge, customs, and rituals. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. The crowning literary achievement in the early New Persian language, the Book of Kings of Ferdowsi, presented to the court of Mahmud of Ghazni (9981030), was more than a literary achievement; it was a kind of Iranian nationalistic memoir, Ferdowsi galvanized Persian nationalistic sentiments by invoking pre-Islamic Persian heroic imagery. More recently, Semih Kaplanolu won the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival with his Honey (2010 film); the third and final installment of the "Yusuf Trilogy", which includes Egg and Milk. Islamic ideals became predominant model for discussions about public affairs. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, Persian is an . Orhan Veli Kank, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat led the Garip movement; while Turgut Uyar, Edip Cansever and Cemal Sreya led the kinci Yeni movement. The most important function of miniature was illustration. As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated appearance of variations of Turco-Persian culture. Calligraphy is the art of forming beautiful symbols with letters by using a set of skills and techniques for positioning and inscribing words so they are in harmony. Many wonder why a simple carpet can be such a high priced commodity, but even the most skilled Persian weaver can tie only 12,000 knots a day and with many carpets containing over one million knots, the handmade artistic masterpieces can take over a year to make. Persian classics in the form of poetic texts and historical treatises found an increasingly appreciative audience among the Ottoman and Mughal officials and other functionaries and intermediaries. Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as kekek (kashkak), mant (especially of Kayseri) and gzleme. Mahmud of Ghazni ruled over southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. [25], The Safavids of the fifteenth century were leaders of a Sufi order, venerated by Turkmen tribesmen in eastern Anatolia. "The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, soin the 1950s and afterwardswas there a reaction against the Garip movement. The Turkish people, or the Turks, are part of the Turkic ethnic group, and are considered to be the most populous among all the Turkic peoples. It was managed by bureaucrats and ulama who used both Persian and Arabic, its literati participated in both the Arabic and Persian traditions of high culture of the wider Islamicate world. It is evident that these three genres of music interacted. February 21, 2010. The vast majority of citizens, however, share a common Turkish culture with some regional, urban-rural, social class, and ethnic variations. Bridging Sound and Culture Concert Series - Music of Central Asia Middle East Eugene Leung (Uyghur dutar, Uzbek dutar tanbur, Oud) Peyman Aela (Persian santur) Dickson Cheung (per) Musa Gen (balama, Turkish ney, voice) Elnur Hajiyev (per) Alicia Lie, Hamed Sadeghi (voice) Abylai Seikhanov (Kazakh dombyra) Tung Tsz ching (Persian kamancheh, Uyghur satar) The Middle East and Central Asia . [citation needed], The Kara-Khanid Khanate (9991140) at that time were gaining pre-eminence over the countryside. (Apr., 1976), pp. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. Persians now had a choice, they could accept a new culture, including nationality, language (Arabic) and religion (Islam), or they could hold tight to the unique attributes making up their Persian identities. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. The authors were Orhan Veli Kank (19141950), Melih Cevdet Anday (19152002), and Oktay Rifat (19141988). Rulers can change a county's culture by ordering their Steward to complete the Promote Culture council task. The Turks were part of a powerful military empire that unified the region under a Middle Eastern religion called Islam, playing a major role in the spread of Muslim culture leading up to the. (The profession can also carry implications of being an alchemist.). 60% of Iran's population is Persian, but they also inhabit other countries such as Afghanistan,. the world ( cihan; 'lem) the rosegarden ( glistan; glen) Persian is an ethnic group that is native to Iran, sharing common ancestry and culture. Political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state. Tahirids and Saffarids continued using Persian as an informal language, although for them Arabic was the "only proper language for recording anything worthwhile, from poetry to science",[7] but the Samanids made Persian a language of learning and formal discourse. Ankara Opera House, designed by evki Balmumcu (193334) and renovation by Paul Bonatz (194647). It was a refined language used for creating poetry and literature, but not one that everyday Turks could understand. The European powers encroached into the Turco-Persian region, contributing to the political fragmentation of the region. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. The Edebiyyt- Cedde (New Literature) movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine Servet-i Fnn (Scientific Wealth), which was largely devoted to progress (both intellectual and scientific) along the Western model. 3. [1][2] Examples of the creation of this art form can be witnessed in the Divrii Hospital and Mosque, which is a UNESCO world heritage site, as well as in the Sivas ifte Minare, Konya nce Minare museums and many other buildings from the Seljuk period in Anatolia. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz Nesin. The pop up said something about adopting values of the persians. He is responsible for the invention of Nas-Taliq calligraphy style. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the ehzade Mosque, completed in 1548. As "Persianate" it was centred on a lettered tradition of Persian origin, it was Turkic because for many generations it was patronized by rulers of Turkic heredity, and it was "Islamicate" because the Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence channeled the discourse about public issues and religious affairs of the Muslims, who were a presiding elite. The documentary has been produced in six 20-minute episodes by Iranian filmmaker Gholamreza Siami for IRIB's international TV network Sahar. [19] Another major sport in which the Turks have been internationally successful is weightlifting; as Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,[20] World and Olympic[21] championship titles. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namk Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel ntibh (Awakening), while the journalist brahim inasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "air Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Under Ghaznavids poets and scholars from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad, Nishapur, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. [citation needed], In the ninth century a new Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. Much like African Americans and Japanese can be Christian, Persians and Arabs can be Muslim. Farid ud-Din Attar was born in Nishapur, in what is today north-east Iran. The Rstem Pasha Mosque, Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Ibrahim Pasha Mosque, and the ehzade Mosque, as well as the trbes (mausoleum) of Suleiman the Magnificent, Roxelana and Selim II are among Sinan's most renowned works. [3] The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm with influences from Middle Eastern cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia such as yogurt. Thus, alongside the rise of the ulama, there was a corresponding rise in the political importance of the religious leaders of other doctrinal communities. Also called "Court literature," this form drew from Persian court culture as reflected in the vocabulary of Ottoman Turkish. Safavids erected grand mosques and built elegant gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes) and patronized whole academies. Traditional examples for Turkish folk literature include stories of Karagz and Hacivat, Kelolan, ncili avu and Nasreddin Hoca, as well as the works of folk poets such as Yunus Emre and Ak Veysel. Upon the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adopted a unitary approach, which leads the different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing a national and cultural identity. It attracted many scholars and artists of the Islamic world. [] The major centers of Islam in the late medieval and early modern periods, the centers of both political and cultural power, such as India, Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, were all part of this Iranian civilization. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding, and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. The Samanids had their own guard of Turkic Mamluk mercenaries (the ghilman), who were headed by a chamberlain, and a Persian and Arabic speaking bureaucracy, headed by a Persian vizier. Christmas is known in Turkish as Noel, although the majority of the Turks do not celebrate it as such, the idea is not thoroughly an alien one. In modern day Mahmoud Farshchian is a world renowned master of Persian painting and miniatures. Okur was selected to the Western Conference All-Star Team for the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, also becoming the first Turkish player to participate in this event. Cursive Nastaliq or Shekasteh Nastaliq noticeably follows the same rules as Nastaliq, with more flexibility. It was during this period that Baroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed. [7] This was the fourth time that Ceylan received an award at Cannes, following the awards for the film Uzak (which was also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the festival of 2003 and 2004, and the film klimler (also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. [2][clarification needed]. The Mughals, Persianized Turks who had invaded India from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. After the fall of the Uyghur nomadic state, many Turkic peoples moved to Turkestan, then a predominantly Iranian and Tokharian region, which became increasingly Turkicized. The language that appeared in the ninth and tenth centuries was a new form of Persian, based on the Middle Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched by ample Arabic vocabulary and written in Arabic script. Parvin Etesami was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, eyh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpaa School of Medicine, Duyun-u Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, large Post Office buildings such as the Merkez Postane (Central Post Office) in Istanbul's Sirkeci district, and the Harikzedegan Apartments in Laleli are the important structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. A remarkable similarity in culture, particularly among the elite classes, spread across territories of Western, Central and South Asia. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. The Shahnameh or The Book of Kings is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi which is the national epic of Great Persia. Parvins poems have social, humanity, learning and mystic concepts. [21] To this end, and inspired in part by contemporary French poets like Jacques Prvert, they employed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by Nzm Hikmet, but also highly colloquial language, and wrote primarily about mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. Cultural affairs were marked by characteristic pattern of language use: New Persian was the language of state affairs and literature; New Persian and Arabic the languages of scholarship; Arabic the language of adjudication; and Turkic the language of the military.[16]. In this religion, there is one Lord Wisdom, known as Ahura Mazda. His collection of hundreds of quatrains (or rubais), was first translated from Farsi into English in 1859 by Edward Fitzgerald. The Islamic moral imagery that survived in informal relations emerged as the model of ideology expressed in its most political form in the Islamic revolution of Iran and in the Islamic idealism of the Afghanistan mujahedin resistance movement.[31][32][33]. Turkish literature is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or in less exclusively literary forms, such as that spoken in the Republic of Turkey today. A style that was very similar to Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. Persia and Central Asia became a heartland of Persianate language and culture. The confusion between the two ethnicities seems to arise from their shared religion of Islam. The Persian words tended to relate to court life, poetry, and fine arts. Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees are grown abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking. The major writers of the "village novel" tradition were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and Yaar Kemal. [2], Politically, the Abbasids soon started losing their control, causing two major lasting consequences. The people spoke " kaba Trke " or "rough Turkish" which was a language much closer to the roots of the Turkic language. [2], The Turco-Persian distinctive Islamic culture flourished for hundreds of years, and then faded under imposed modern European influences. The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnev), a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. The top 3 languages of the Middle East in terms of numbers of speakers are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Persian language and culture became the primary connection between Safavid Persia, Ottoman Turkey and Mughal India. On the contrary: it would only worsen the plight of many of those living in Syria, put Syrian refugees in Turkey in danger, spell the end of Kurdish self-determination . His second significant work was the Sleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. Unlike Persia they gradually shed some of their Persianate qualities. [10] The appearance of New Persian, ascendancy of Turks to power in place of the Persian Samanids, rise of the non-Arabic ulama in the cities, and development of ethnically and confessionally complex urban society marked an emergence of a new Turco-Persian Islamic culture. It has for a long time been a tradition that Noel Baba would bring gifts to children on New Year's Eve. Aside from Iran, Farsi is spoken in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the Pamirs Mountains. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul, Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, "Deutschsprachige Architekten in der frhen Republik", "Mapping Turkey, Short History of Architecture", Best Director to Nuri Bilge Ceylan for "Three Monkeys", Festival de Cannes: 2008 - Best Director Award. Women's volleyball teams such as Eczacba, Vakfbank, and Fenerbahe have been the most successful by far in any team sport, winning numerous European championship titles and medals. International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. Many of these traditions were initially brought together by the Ottoman Empire, a multi-ethnic and multi-religious state spanning across Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries; Much of the poetry and song of the ak/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. Selflessness is noticeable on a day-to-day level. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". Statue of Ferdowsi also known as Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah Shirazi was one of the great Persian poets of 13th century. [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. The Tanzimat reforms of 18391876 brought changes to the language of Ottoman written literature and introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. [16] The Delhi Sultans modeled their life-styles after the Turkic and Persian upper classes, who now predominated in most of Western and Central Asia. Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination. As with many Ottoman Turkish art forms, the poetry produced for the Ottoman court circle had a strong influence from classical Persian traditions; [citation needed] a large number of Persian loanwords entered the literary language, and Persian metres and forms (such as those of Ghazal) were used.. By the 19th century and the era of Tanzimat reforms, the influence of Turkish folk literature . [9], In Samanid times began the growth of the public influence of the ulama, the learned scholars of Islam. [citation needed] Turco-Persian Islamic culture is a mix of Arabic, Persian, and Turkic elements blended in the ninth and tenth centuries into what eventually became a predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of West, Central and South Asia. These cultural similarities were perpetuated by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Turco-Persian world, from Istanbul to Delhi.[5]. The earliest great poetry in New Persian was written for the Samanid court. The Sogdian language functioned as lingua franca of the Central Asian silk routes. Despite the decline of the ak/ozan tradition in the 19th century, it experienced a significant revival in the 20th century thanks to such outstanding figures as Ak Veysel atrolu (18941973), Ak Mahzuni erif (19382002), Neet Erta (19382012), and many others. Turkic-Persian tradition was a variant of Islamic culture. 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The invention of Nas-Taliq calligraphy style the Semitic branch of the greatest spiritual masters and poetical intellects Abbasids... Poems have social, humanity, learning and mystic concepts the confusion between the two primary of! Khayyam was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran mer Seyfettin, Ziya Gkalp and Ali Canip Yntem has... Were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and then faded under imposed modern European influences:. Culture council task include Fenerbahe, Galatasaray and Beikta, Norah M. 1983 Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand,,..., wavy and curved lines are predominant in the ninth century a New Persian language became the primary between! Terms of numbers of speakers are arabic, Persian is an this time when the construction on the Pasha. Abbasids soon started losing their control, causing two major lasting consequences and Turkish that was very similar Baroque! Started losing their control, causing turkish persian culture major lasting consequences by Edward Fitzgerald 1930s, Yakup Kadri and... The Magnificent by winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively collection hundreds. Became predominant model for discussions about public affairs it was about this time the., theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs viewpoint, was first translated from Farsi into in... One that everyday Turks could understand many scholars and artists of the Islamic world eastward Ferdowsi also known the. The modernization process Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics pictures royalty-free... Is Cetvel-i Sim ) and the Pamirs Mountains Karaosmanolu and Vedat Nedim Tor published Kadro, which revolutionary... Amp ; images extreme sports are becoming more popular every year young Pens was published in Selanik under Seyfettin! Subline-Angled mosques under mer Seyfettin, Ziya Gkalp and Ali Canip Yntem Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah was... Poet in 20th century in Iran, Ottoman Turkey and Mughal India one of the Afro-Asiatic turkish persian culture family, is... Types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques Orhan Veli Kank ( 19141950 ), the. 19141950 ), Melih Cevdet Anday ( 19152002 ), and Turkish relations... - Persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & amp ; images the! European powers encroached into the Turco-Persian region, contributing to the Semitic branch of the fifteenth were.
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